The major ethnic groups that the enslaved Africans belonged to included the Bakongo, Igbo, Mandé, Wolof, Akan, Fon, Yoruba, and Makua, among many others.
A smaller number of African Americans are descended from ethnic groups that lived in Eastern and Southeastern Africa. African Americans are descended from various ethnic groups, mostly from ethnic groups that lived in Western and Central Africa, including the Sahel. They were purchased and brought to America as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Main article: Slavery in the colonial history of the United States African origins Īfrican Americans are the descendants of Africans who were forced into slavery after being captured during African wars or raids. Black women were often raped, dehumanized and racially fetishized by their white male slave owners. Slave men and slave women were also sexually exploited by their white slave owners. Slaves were treated as property by their white slave owners. White men would lynch black men due to fear of white women being raped. Thousands of African American men were lynched by white mobs.
Īfrican Americans were subjected to abuse and racism by white Americans during the slavery and Jim Crow eras. African Americans have made major contributions to the culture of the United States, including literature, cinema and music. Of those, over 2.1 million immigrated to the United States as citizens of modern African states. The 2020 United States census reported that 46,936,733 respondents identified as African Americans, forming roughly 14.2% of the American population. This succeeded in persuading the federal government to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed racial discrimination. In 1954, these efforts coalesced into a broad unified movement led by civil rights activists such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. The nadir of American race relations led to civil rights efforts to overturn discrimination and racism against African Americans. Beginning in the early 20th century, in response to poor economic conditions, segregation and lynchings, over 6 million primarily rural African Americans migrated out of the South to other regions of the United States in search of opportunity. White opposition to these advancements led to most African Americans living in the South to be disfranchised, and a system of racial segregation known as the Jim Crow laws was passed in the Southern states. Īfter the war ended with a Confederate defeat, the Reconstruction era began, in which African Americans living in the South were granted equal rights with their white neighbors. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the U.S. Disputes over slavery between the Northern and Southern states led to the American Civil War, in which 178,000 African Americans served on the Union side.
#Pearson history and geography tests westward expansion free#
During this period, numerous enslaved African Americans escaped into free states and Canada via the Underground Railroad. However, the American South, which had an economy dependent on plantations operation by slave labor, entrenched the slave system and expanded it during the westward expansion of the United States. The American Revolutionary War, which saw the Thirteen Colonies become independent and transform into the United States, led to great social upheavals for African Americans Black soldiers fought on both the British and the American sides, and after the conflict ended the Northern United States gradually abolished slavery. A group of enslaved Africans arrived in the English colony of Virginia in 1619, marking the beginning of slavery in the colonial history of the United States by 1776, roughly 20% of the British North American population was of African descent, both free and enslaved. After arriving in various European colonies in North America, the enslaved Africans were sold to white colonists, primarily to work on cash crop plantations. The European colonization of the Americas, and the resulting transatlantic slave trade, led to a large-scale transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic of the roughly 10–12 million Africans who were sold by the Barbary slave trade, either to European slavery or to servitude in the Americas, approximately 388,000 landed in North America. Former Spanish slaves who had been freed by Francis Drake arrived aboard the Golden Hind at New Albion in California in 1579. African-American history started with the arrival Africans to North America in the 16th and 17th centuries.
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